This is the FHS layout, which is one of the common layout style for Unix-like OSes, and it has nothing to do with Linux or filesystems in general. Misleading information. GoboLinux has what they call the GoboLinux hierarchy layout, that adheres to NeXTSTEP or BeOS. Nix and Guix has the Store hierarchy layout, wherein, everything is contained inside a store directory. Filesystems include FAT16, FAT32, exFAT, BTRFS, Bcachefs or EXT1/2/3/4, just to mention a few examples.
This image is misinformation. That’s not a filesystem, that’s a layout standard called the FHS. Filesystems are FAT32, BTRFS, EXT4, etc.